- Main article: List of Political Ideologies
National Populism is a broad term for political ideologies associated with authoritarian ultranationalism involving a rejection of liberalism and socialism in favor of a traditionalist, militaristic, and one-party authoritarian state. Despite many commonalities, one aspect National Populist movements may differ on is their stances on religion, for example Integralism, and the parties that follow it, is popular in predominantly Catholic countries and calls for religion and government to become largely intertwined through a monarchy, while the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is explicitly secular in nature. Despite any differing beliefs National Populists may have, a component of National Populist thought that is widespread is Ultranationalism, irredentism, and revanchism as is the case with Pan-Turkism, Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism, and some strains of Islamism.
Overview[]
National Populist movements rejects many mainstream ideologies and are seen by many as reactionary towards both liberalism and socialism. Most movements advocate for the return of an absolutist monarch, the rule of a dictator, or even the installation of a religious leader to guide the nation and her people in removing these perceived negative influences. National Populist movements have no single economic policy, with economics having variation between them, some advocate for a laissez-faire economy, others may advocate for a mixed economy, and others may advocate for a corporatist system. But no matter what, the economy shall always be guided by the state in one form or another.
A common consensus among various organizations under the National Populist umbrella is that only a strong figure of authority can unify a nation and its people under the state. Regimes under the National Populist label tend to have a monopoly on power within the state, having control or influence over the police, military, legislature, and general political scene. Within the system they use state resources to inflict terror upon their people through various means, ranging from an omnipresent network of secret informants, the mass surveillance of large sections of the population, or through the establishment of concentration camps to be able to guard against any potentially suspicious individuals or groups. One can summarize this ideology by the following sentence: Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.
National Populists usually advocate for the racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious unification of their people under a single state. This has led to the various parties under the National Populist umbrella to advocate for either a plebiscite inside a specific territory or war with rival states to return territory where people of a common nation reside. In addition, many will also advocate for either the assimilation, removal, or outright extermination of minorities within their "cultural territories," viewing them as weak links in their nation or as traitors at least partially responsible for the weakness of their nation.
Forms of National Populism[]
National Populism[]
WIP
Integralism[]
Integralism is an ideology according to which a nation is an organic unity. Integralism defends social differentiation and hierarchy with co-operation between social classes, transcending conflict between social and economic groups. It advocates guild unionism, corporatism, and organic political representation instead of ideological forms of representation. Integralism claims that the best political institutions for given nations will differ depending on the history, culture and climate of the nation's habitat.
Having its origins in 1912, modern integralism is an ideology that places faith, family and national values and decentralization as its main tenets. While lacking racial connotations, it usually includes xenophobia for those who are not of the motherland. Similarly, anti-socialism and antisemitism are commonplace, even if not officially. Its heavy focus on traditional values doesn't mean that it's not anti-monarchist; on the contrary, it was created by those disillusioned with the corruption of Europe's traditional monarchies and the values they stood for.
Integralism advocates that as each culture and society has its own traditions and that its political system should be based on this heritage, in line with traditionalist thinking. It gives priority to the preservation of local culture, tradition, customs and the development of rural areas as a way of overcoming cosmopolitanism, Marxism and multiculturalism, and other evils brought about by anti-nationalist ideals.
It has been the dominant force in Portuguese politics since the Second Ultimatum and the crisis that followed, but significant integralist movements exist in other nations such as Brazil and Sicily. The very nature of the ideology nonetheless means that each local movement varies widely in how the ideology is practiced, for each nation must attend to the needs of its people and citizens in its own way.
Legionarism[]
Legionarism are a set of beliefs held by the Legion of the Archangel Michael movement, more commonly known as the Iron Guard which is strongly anti-Semitic, anti-capitalist, anti-syndicalist, anti-democratic and revanchist. Christian mysticism is deeply imbued into the ideology believing that through a cultural, religious revolution based on the ideas of Romanian Orthodox Church will the "omul nou" or "new man" will be created.
To the Legionnaires, ordinary human life is a constant sphere of war and eternal struggle against enemies of the Tara (Fatherland). As a result, violence and martyrdom was not only exalted, but required for the necessary redemption of the nation and national community. The final aim through its struggle is to achieve spiritual resurrection in the name of Christ.
Millenarianism[]
Millenarianism is defined by the belief that a fundamental religious a transformation of society is imminent and that after the transformation has ended, society will be forever changed for the better. Because of these group's often times follow an explicitly esoteric line of thinking. Ultimately, the radical belief in themselves as herald's of a renewing religious cataclysm makes them far-right. But of course exact beliefs across each culture can vary. Nonetheless groups such as the Silver Legion and the Yiguandao Society can be broadly classified as Millenarian because they share these key characteristics.
Countries as of 1936[]
| State Name | Since | State & political Structure | Ruling Party | Head of State | Head of Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1926 | Unitary one-party Integralist Constitutional Monarchy | Integralismo
Lusitano (IL) |
Duarte II de Braganza | José Hipólito Raposo |
|
1931 | Unitary Presidential Republic(de facto Military Junta Dictatorship) | N/A | Maximiliano Hernández Martínez | |
 
|
1934 | Unitary Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
(de facto one-party dictatorship) |
Iron Guard (TpȚ) | Carol II | Corneliu Zelea Codrenau |
 Russian Republic
|
1934 | Federal Semi-Presidential Republic | Republican People's Party (NRPR) | Boris Savinkov | Boris Vysheslavtsev |
|
1935 | Federal Presidential Republic (de facto one-party military dictatorship) | Argentine Patriotic League (LPA) | Manuel Carlés | |
National Populist Movements around the world as of 1936[]
| Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Situation | Background |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Argentine Patriotic League (LPA) | 1920 | Manuel Carlés | Ruling Party | An Argentine nationalist, integralist, antisemitic, corporatist, anti-democratic, and anti-Western political organisation which enjoys huge influence in the Argentine Armed Forces. Making use of ruthless paramilitaries, the LPA was involved in several crackdowns on striking workers in the early 1920s, participated in the Uriburu Coup of 1930, and later toppled the government again in late 1935. Since this event, globally known as the Christmas Coup, the leader and founder of the LPA, Manuel Carlés, rules Argentina as the head of a military junta whose control over the country is not yet fully stabilized. |
|
Australasian Guard | WIP | WIP | WIP | WIP |
  Austria-Hungary
|
Greater German People's Party (GDVP) | 1920 | WIP | N/A | An Austrian pan-germanistic, anti-clerical, antisemitic, and anti-democratic political party established in the aftermath of the Weltkrieg and is based on the political agenda of Georg von Schönerer (1842-1921). Anti-Habsburg by nature, they wish to see the Austro-Hungarian Empire dismantled and its "German lands'', including Bohemia, Slovenia and the Littoral, annexed by the German Empire. |
|
Czecho-Slovak National Social Party (ČSSNS) | WIP | WIP | Banned | A Czecho-Slovak nationalist, anti-Austrian, anti-Magyar, national social, militarist, corporatist and pan-Slavic political organisation which strives to achieve Czech and Slovak independence from Austrian rule. Outlawed in Bohemia and therefore operating out of exile, the party mostly survives due to intensive financial support from the influential Stříbrný brothers. |
|
Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB) | WIP | Arlindo Veiga dos Santos | Extra-Parliamentary | A traditionalist, monarchist, integralist, and anti-parliamentarian political movement in Brazil founded by Arlindo Veiga dos Santos. It seeks to expunge Brazil of what it sees as artificial, or ''inorganic'' ideologies from Europe, especially those that are socialist or democratic in nature. Rather than simply wishing to restore the House of Orleans-Braganza as Emperors of Brazil as it once was, with elections and a parliament, it wants to give birth to a new Empire wherein God and Country are taken above all else. It has a paramilitary force, the Imperial Guard, commonly called the Greenshirts, who sometimes battle Brazilian socialists in the streets of major cities with the tacit approval of the forces of the establishment, and adhesion of many thousands of people, from Bishops and high ranking officers to poor urban workers in the country's cities. |
|
Union of Bulgarian National Legions (SNBL) | WIP | Ivan Dochev | Extra-Parliamentary | A Bulgarian ultranationalist, antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Serbian, anti-Greek, anti-Romanian, anti-Ziganistic, and anti-Muslim organisation which enjoys widespread influence in the poor Bulgarian countryside. Led by the young and charismatic Ivan Dochev, the whole movement is modeled after the Romanian Iron Guard and makes use of paramilitaries as well. |
|
Lapua Movement | WIP | WIP | WIP | A Finnish-nationalist, anti-socialist movement supporting traditional Protestant values. While formerly supporters of so-called Scandinavian Nationalist Activism and close cooperation with Germany, they have grown disillusioned with German influence in Finland and strive to establish a truly sovereign Finnish state. |
|
Action Française | 1899 | Charles Maurras | Extra-Parliamentary | An anti-parliamentary, integralist, antisemitic, corporatist, and federal monarchist political party active in the French Republic. They aim to restore the Bourbon Dynasty to the throne, introduce decentralizing reforms (modelled after the traditional institutions of the Kingdom of France), and root out the so called "Anti-France", which includes Jews, Freemasons, Protestants, republicans, and foreigners. The party has many supporters among the French upper class and the military, for example general Charles De Gaulle. |
| Action Algérienne | WIP | Ferhat Abbas | An Algerian nationalist, French collaborationist, populist, and federalist party led by Ferhat Abbas and based in the French Republic. While closely associated with the antisemitic and ultranationalist Action Française, the AA only endorses the latter due to the vast decentralizing reforms that the AF proposes. The party's demands include a constitution guaranteeing freedom and equality for all Algerians regardless of religion, land reform, recognition of Arabic as the national language, freedom of press and association, free education for male and female children, and state-enshrined Islam, while Abbas expounds a vision for Algeria inspired by the ideals of Charles Maurras and his idea of a “deep France” of the parish and village, versus the “legal France” of national institutions. | ||
|
German Fatherland Party (DVLP) | 1917/1919 | Ulrich von Hassell & Alfred Hugenberg | - Opposition (National level)
- Ruling Party (Coalition Partner) in:
|
The German Fatherland Party emerged during the Great War as a broad movement of annexationists and liberalisation adversaries who opposed the policies of the government in Berlin. Initially an extra-parliamentary unification movement that aimed to mobilise all national forces without distinction of political party affiliation behind a strong leader - including Jews, Catholics, and the working class -, it soon got subverted by völkisch influence, and turned into a fringe reactionary far-right movement in 1919/20.
After a decade of political irrelevance, a vastly altered geopolitical situation and the apathy of the mainstream right-wing parties catapulted the DVLP to the political forefront again. A change in leadership in 1929 had heralded a party program reform from the ground up, now closely influenced by the ideas of the Conservative Revolutionary Movement, which enabled the DVLP to become the second most powerful opposition party after the 1931 elections. Led by Ulrich von Hassell, son-in-law of the DVLP's spiritual father Alfred von Tirpitz, the Fatherland Party has reached the end stages of its "National Revolutionary Renaissance", with a political program resting on pillars such as firm opposition to the parliamentary order introduced with the 1920 March Reforms, the return to an organic-meritocratic political system with corporatist characteristics, and the rejuvenation of Germany to survive the coming struggle against envious powers to the East and the West. While employing populist rhetoric, the core of the party remains dominated by Prussian aristocrats, and elitist-reactionary notions are widespread due to the prominence of the DVLP's most important financial benefactor and 2nd Chairman Alfred Hugenberg. |
| German-Socialist Party (DsP) | 1919 | Julius Streicher & Gregor Strasser | Opposition | ||
| Christian-Social Homeland Party (CSHP) | 1925 | Martin Spahn | Ruling Party (Coalition Partner) in Alsace-Lorraine | An autonomous proxy of the DVLP in Alsace-Lorraine, where German nationalism is not very prevalent, established in 1925 by ex-Zentrum politician & Straßburg professor Martin Spahn. The CSHP propagates the concept of Germanophile Alsatian regionalist nationalism, celebrating the distinct cultural heritage of Alsace and Lorraine while stressing the close ethnic ties of their "tribes" to the Germans east of the Rhine. The French cultural legacy in Alsace-Lorraine – defamed as “Romance Trash/Welscher Plunder”, is downplayed and ridiculed. Quite special for Alsatian regional politics is the CSHP’s interdenominational approach in accordance with Spahn’s Reform Catholic beliefs: Gaps between Protestants and Catholics have to be overcome to found a common conservative, christian-social bloc. | |
| German Völkisch Party (DvP) | 1930 | Artur Dinter | Opposition | ||
|
Aontas Náisiúnta | WIP | WIP | Extra-Parliamentary | The Abstentionists, a faction of the AN, are an Irish ultranationalist, anti-parliamentarian, corporatist, monarchist, and integralist movement of dissident intellectuals and young radicals within the broader Irish right inspired by the writings of Charles Maurras and their implementation in Portugal. They seek the creation of a Christian, Gaelic Ireland, deem parliamentary democracy a godless British invention, and believe in the the restoration of the House of O'Neill to the Irish throne, regarding an Irish monarchy as a symbol of the resurrection of Gaelic civilization and a rejection of liberalism as well as a means of raising the Irish language's prestige in public eyes. |
|
Italian Nationalist Association (ANI) | WIP | Italo Balbo | Extra-Parliamentary | An ultranationalist, pan-Italian, corporatist, anti-Austrian, and national conservative political movement in Italy. While having holdouts all over Italy, they are mainly active in the Austrian-backed Italian Republic, where they stir up the population against the "Austrian puppet government", often with the help of paramilitaries. |
|
Ilminists | WIP | WIP | Banned | The "One-People Principle Group are a Korean organization operating in exile which are inspired by the Savinkovist movement in Russia and the Iron Guard movement in Romania and look to create an egalitarian classless society where all subjects are obedient to a national leader. |
|
Popular Force Party | 1932 | Jose Antonio Urquiza & Salvador Abascal Infante | Banned | A Mexican ultranationalist, populist, counterrevolutionary, and Catholic traditionalist movement that is predominantly made up of Mexican farmers who oppose Emiliano Zapata's secular policies, the communal ejido system, and the socialist government. The "Party" as they call themselves, follows the ideology of sinarquism (derived from syn arké which in Greek means "with order"). It aims to reestablish Catholic values in Mexico, institute proper land reform based on small landownership, uphold Mexican sovereignty, follow the chauvinist dream of 'reconquering' the territory lost in the Mexican-American War of 1846, and rally the population around a strong leader in defense from the anti-Mexican (Protestants, socialists, Masons, liberals). The party has limited ties to the military and has an ambigious relationship with various conservative groups. |
|
Alliance for National Reconstruction | WIP | WIP | WIP | WIP |
|
National Gathering | WIP | Jonas Lie | Opposition | A Norwegian nationalist, populist, agrarian, and anti-socialist party, it is split between a National Populist faction, led by Jonas Lie, and a faction of Paternal Autocrats led by Vikdun Quisling. |
|
Al-Ḥizb Al-Sūrī Al-Qawmī Al-'Ijtimā'ī | WIP | Antoun Saadeh | Extra-Parliamentary | A Syrian nationalist, irredentist, secular, anti-turkish, anti-western, and economically populist party which strives to create an independent "Natural Syrian State", stretching from the Sinai peninsula to Khuzestan and from Cilicia to Lake Urmia. Most of the party's leadership, most prominently Antoun Saadeh, operates out of Beirut. The party is considered to be a fringe movement, as it relies on the multireligious and multiethnic concept of Assyria instead of political Islamism or Arab Nationalism, the most popular political currents in Arabia. |
|
Komitet Narodowy Polski | WIP | Roman Dmowski | Extra-Parliamentary | A radical Polish nationalist, anti-German, integralist, social-darwinist, and Russophile political organisation led by Roman Dmowski operating out of Petrograd, Russian Republic. Their aim is to establish a Greater Polish State under the authority of Russia and extinguish German influence in Eastern Europe once and for all. |
|
|
Integralismo Lusitano | 1922 | José Hipólito Raposo | Ruling Party | A Portuguese traditionalist, monarchist, integralist, and anti-parliamentarian political movement. Founded during the troubled years after the Weltkrieg, it aimed to abolish the Portuguese Republic, which they viewed as a failed state, and reinstate a new Portuguese monarchy based on traditional Catholic values. They played an important role during the restoration of the Kingdom of Portugal in 1922 and later, after the Second Ultimatum in late 1925, couped the government in March 1926, with José Hipólito Raposo becoming Prime Minister. Since then, Portugal is considered to be the first truly "National Populist" state. |
|
|
Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail | 1922 | Corneliu Zelea Codrenau | Ruling Party | Simply known as the Iron Guard (Garda de Fier), the Legion is an ultranationalistic, antisemitic, anti-Magyar, anti-Ziganistic, anti-syndicalist, and anti-capitalist political movement in Romania, founded by current Romanian Prime Minister Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Promoting a traditionalist way of life based on the rites of the Orthodox Church, ethnic cleansing, and the idea of a Greater Romania, the Iron Guard yields huge influence within the country, mainly through the use of the Iron Guard's paramilitary "death squads". |
|
|
Republican People's Party | WIP | Boris Savinkov | Ruling Party | the ruling party of Russia, the group is an anti-German, anti-syndicalist, pan-Slavic, and Russian nationalist political party in the Russian Republic. Led by Boris Savinkov and supported by Lavr Kornilov, it seeks to reincorporate the formerly Russian lands that broke away from the Russian Empire during the Weltkrieg and the Russian Civil War. The party has become very popular among officers, industrialists, and the peasantry. |
|
Baltic Brotherhood | WIP | WIP | Extra-Parliamentary | A Baltic German Supremacist, Pan-German, anti-syndicalist, and Christian fundamentalist secret society in the United Baltic Duchy. It preaches a new reading of the Bible, dismissing the validity of the Old Testament and viewing Christ as a savior from the “Jewish God”. It views the Baltic Germans to be the moral shepherds of Europe - their history is one of religious warfare and crusader spirit, therefore, they have a natural role of spiritual guidance to all other peoples of the continent. The Baltic Germans must reunite the religious renewal movements of Europe, restore the unity of Christianity, and lead a militant missionary mission to the East - more specifically, against Russia. However, the Brotherhood believes that a united Christian Europe needs a leader, and they see this leader in Germany. They also believe that Germany is not yet fit for the task - it is shackled by internal divisions and it has not yet accepted its role as the savior of Europe, thus the task of the Brotherhood is to transform the Baltics to become an example for Germany and help guide it to this prophesied goal. |
|
League of Ukrainian Nationalists (LUN) | 1928 | Mykola Stsiborskyi | Extra-Parliamentary | Formally united into a proper organization at the close of the 1920s, the League of Ukrainian Nationalists (LUN) has been steadily growing its influence and support over the years. Advocating for a “National Revolution” through a totalitarian, corporatist, and decidedly militaristic lens, the LUN has been found to hold commonalities with, ironically enough, the Savinkovist movement, as well as the Romanian Iron Guard and the Italian ANI collective.
Initially existing at the very fringes of the political spectrum, the rise of Boris Savinkov in Russia as well as constant disappointment with the Hetman’s supposedly “neverending failures” have all contributed to the rise in support for the League. It is far away from being a mass movement, though, albeit its strategy of courting semi-influential figures especially in the armed forces to gain their support has given out some success. |
|
America First Party | 1934 | Huey Long | Opposition | Led by Huey Long is an American nationalist authoritarian populist movement within the United States of America. (WIP) |
|
National Republican League | WIP | Arnold Leese | Banned | WIP |
|
Kryvičkaja partyja | WIP | Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski | Extra-Parliamentary | An anti-Russian, Belarusian supremacist, and anti-socialist political party in White Ruthenia. Led by Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski, one of the founders of the Belarusian People's Republic back in 1918, the party believes the Kryvichs, an early Slavic tribal union, to be the "true" ancestors of the Belarusian people, a term Łastoŭski despises as a Russian imposition. As descendants of the Kryvichs, he believes Belarusians to be the "purest East Slavic people" closer to Western Europe, seeing the Russians as "assimilated Mongols". |
Influential figures[]
- José Hipólito Raposo (Prime Minister of Portugal)
- Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (Prime Minister of Romania)
- Manuel Carlés (President of Argentina)
- Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (President of El Salvador)
- Arlindo Veiga dos Santos (Brazilian Politician)
- Boris Savinkov (Russian politician)
- Alfred Hugenberg (German politician)